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      • C++ Control Flow

      Overview

      Control flow statements determine the order in which statements are executed. C++ provides various control structures for decision making and looping.

      Conditional Statements

      if-else Statement

      #include <iostream>

int main() {
    int age = 18;
    
    if (age < 13) {
        std::cout << "Child" << std::endl;
    } else if (age < 18) {
        std::cout << "Teenager" << std::endl;
    } else if (age < 65) {
        std::cout << "Adult" << std::endl;
    } else {
        std::cout << "Senior" << std::endl;
    }
    
    return 0;
}

      switch Statement

      #include <iostream>

int main() {
    char grade = 'B';
    
    switch (grade) {
        case 'A':
            std::cout << "Excellent!" << std::endl;
            break;
        case 'B':
            std::cout << "Good!" << std::endl;
            break;
        case 'C':
            std::cout << "Average" << std::endl;
            break;
        case 'D':
            std::cout << "Below Average" << std::endl;
            break;
        case 'F':
            std::cout << "Fail" << std::endl;
            break;
        default:
            std::cout << "Invalid grade" << std::endl;
    }
    
    return 0;
}

      Looping Statements

      for Loop

      #include <iostream>

int main() {
    // Basic for loop
    for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
        std::cout << i << " ";
    }
    std::cout << std::endl;
    
    // Range-based for loop (C++11)
    int arr[] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
    for (int value : arr) {
        std::cout << value << " ";
    }
    std::cout << std::endl;
    
    return 0;
}

      while Loop

      #include <iostream>

int main() {
    int count = 1;
    
    while (count <= 5) {
        std::cout << "Count: " << count << std::endl;
        count++;
    }
    
    return 0;
}

      do-while Loop

      #include <iostream>

int main() {
    int number;
    
    do {
        std::cout << "Enter a positive number (0 to exit): ";
        std::cin >> number;
        
        if (number > 0) {
            std::cout << "You entered: " << number << std::endl;
        }
    } while (number != 0);
    
    return 0;
}

      Jump Statements

      break and continue

      #include <iostream>

int main() {
    // break example
    for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
        if (i == 6) {
            break;  // exit loop
        }
        std::cout << i << " ";
    }
    std::cout << std::endl;
    
    // continue example
    for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
        if (i % 2 == 0) {
            continue;  // skip even numbers
        }
        std::cout << i << " ";
    }
    std::cout << std::endl;
    
    return 0;
}

      goto Statement (use sparingly)

      #include <iostream>

int main() {
    int count = 1;
    
    start:
    std::cout << "Count: " << count << std::endl;
    count++;
    
    if (count <= 5) {
        goto start;
    }
    
    return 0;
}