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      • Git Basic Operations

      This chapter introduces the basic Git commands, which are the most frequently used commands in daily Git usage. Mastering these is the foundation of using Git.

      File Status Management

      Check Repository Status

      # Check current repository status
git status

# Check concise status
git status -s
# Or
git status --short

      Status output explanation:

      M  modified_file.txt     # Modified and staged
 M modified_file2.txt    # Modified but not staged
A  new_file.txt          # New file staged
D  deleted_file.txt      # Deleted and staged
R  renamed_file.txt      # Renamed
C  copied_file.txt       # Copied
U  unmerged_file.txt     # Unmerged (Conflict)
?? untracked_file.txt    # Untracked file
!! ignored_file.txt      # Ignored file

      Add Files to Staging Area

      # Add a single file
git add filename.txt

# Add multiple files
git add file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt

# Add all files in current directory
git add .

# Add all modifications to tracked files
git add -u

# Add all files (including new and modified)
git add -A

# Interactive add
git add -i

# Partial add (patch mode)
git add -p filename.txt

      Practical Example

      # Create demo project
mkdir git-basic-ops
cd git-basic-ops
git init

# Create some files
echo "Main program" > main.py
echo "Config file" > config.json
echo "Documentation" > README.md
mkdir utils
echo "Helper functions" > utils/helpers.py

# Check status
git status

# Add files
git add main.py config.json
git status

# Add directory
git add utils/
git status

# Add remaining files
git add README.md
git status

      Commit Operations

      Basic Commit

      # Commit staged content
git commit -m "Commit message"

# Commit and add all modifications to tracked files
git commit -am "Commit message"

# Empty commit (used to trigger CI/CD)
git commit --allow-empty -m "Trigger build"

      Commit Message Best Practices

      # ✅ Good commit messages
git commit -m "feat: Add user login feature"
git commit -m "fix: Fix password validation error"
git commit -m "docs: Update API documentation"
git commit -m "style: Fix code formatting"
git commit -m "refactor: Refactor user service module"

# ❌ Bad commit messages
git commit -m "Modify"
git commit -m "Update"
git commit -m "bug fix"

      Modify Commit

      # Modify the last commit message
git commit --amend -m "New commit message"

# Modify the last commit content (add missed files)
git add forgotten_file.txt
git commit --amend --no-edit

# Interactive commit modification
git commit --amend

      Commit Operation Example

      # Continue from previous example
git commit -m "Initial commit: Add basic project files"

# Modify files
echo "Updated main program" >> main.py
echo "New helper function" >> utils/helpers.py

# Check changes
git status
git diff

# Commit changes
git add main.py utils/helpers.py
git commit -m "feat: Update main program and helpers"

# Realized config file change was missed
echo "New config item" >> config.json
git add config.json
git commit --amend --no-edit

      View Changes

      View Working Directory Changes

      # View differences between working directory and staging area
git diff

# View changes of a specific file
git diff filename.txt

# View differences between staging area and last commit
git diff --staged
# Or
git diff --cached

# View differences between working directory and last commit
git diff HEAD

# View differences between two commits
git diff commit1 commit2

# View differences of a specific file between two commits
git diff commit1 commit2 -- filename.txt

      Interpreting Diff Output

      diff --git a/main.py b/main.py
index 1234567..abcdefg 100644
--- a/main.py
+++ b/main.py
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 def main():
     print("Hello, World!")
+    print("New feature")
     return 0

      Explanation:

      • --- represents old file
      • +++ represents new file
      • @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ represents line number range of changes